| Here, the native Welsh clung on to their language, customs and laws, lords in their own lands, but still subjects of the English King. By the 13th century, Wales had become divided into the Principality of Gwynedd, the disputed centre, and the encroaching English baronial and crown lands. Encroaching, that is, until 1258, when Llewellyn was strong enough to have himself declared "Princeps Wallie" - Prince of Wales. Exploiting the civil war in England and making and allying with de Montfort, Llewellyn's armies overran the now undefended centre. But he then overreached himself, marrying de Montfort's daughter, an offence Edward was unlikely to forgive or to forget. Years later, Llewellyn handed Edward the perfect pretext for retribution. He failed to show up at Edward's coronation and ignored a total of five summonses to pay homage to his new King. | |
| 当地威尔士人坚持使用自己的语言，风俗，法律。虽然有自己的君王，却要向英格兰国王俯首称臣。到十三世纪时，威尔士被划分为三部分，格温内思公国，中部冲突地区，格温内思，以及英格兰贵族和国王渐进蚕食的地区。这种逐渐推进的入侵持续到1258年，此时卢埃林已积攒了足够的实力，自封为威尔士王子，借英格兰内战之机，以及与德·蒙德福特的结盟。卢埃林的军队占领了防守薄弱的中部地区，但随后他便得意忘形，迎娶了德·蒙德福特的女儿，这样的冒犯是爱德华不能宽恕和忘怀的。几年后，卢埃林就给了爱德华，一个报复的机会。他未出席爱德华的加冕礼，并且总共无视了五次传唤。拒不觐见新国王。 |
| Here, the native Welsh clung on to their language, customs and laws, lords in their own lands, but still subjects of the English King. By the 13th century, Wales had become divided into the Principality of Gwynedd, the disputed centre, and the encroaching English baronial and crown lands. Encroaching, that is, until 1258, when Llewellyn was strong enough to have himself declared " Princeps Wallie" Prince of Wales. Exploiting the civil war in England and making and allying with de Montfort, Llewellyn' s armies overran the now undefended centre. But he then overreached himself, marrying de Montfort' s daughter, an offence Edward was unlikely to forgive or to forget. Years later, Llewellyn handed Edward the perfect pretext for retribution. He failed to show up at Edward' s coronation and ignored a total of five summonses to pay homage to his new King. | |
| dang di wei er shi ren jian chi shi yong zi ji de yu yan, feng su, fa lv. sui ran you zi ji de jun wang, que yao xiang ying ge lan guo wang fu shou cheng chen. dao shi san shi ji shi, wei er shi bei hua fen wei san bu fen, ge wen nei si gong guo, zhong bu chong tu di qu, ge wen nei si, yi ji ying ge lan gui zu he guo wang jian jin can shi de di qu. zhe zhong zhu jian tui jin de ru qin chi xu dao 1258 nian, ci shi lu ai lin yi ji zan le zu gou de shi li, zi feng wei wei er shi wang zi, jie ying ge lan nei zhan zhi ji, yi ji yu de meng de fu te de jie meng. lu ai lin de jun dui zhan ling le fang shou bo ruo de zhong bu di qu, dan sui hou ta bian de yi wang xing, ying qu le de meng de fu te de nv er, zhe yang de mao fan shi ai de hua bu neng kuan shu he wang huai de. ji nian hou, lu ai lin jiu gei le ai de hua, yi ge bao fu de ji hui. ta wei chu xi ai de hua de jia mian li, bing qie zong gong wu shi le wu ci chuan huan. ju bu jin jian xin guo wang. |
| Here, the native Welsh clung on to their language, customs and laws, lords in their own lands, but still subjects of the English King. By the 13th century, Wales had become divided into the Principality of Gwynedd, the disputed centre, and the encroaching English baronial and crown lands. Encroaching, that is, until 1258, when Llewellyn was strong enough to have himself declared " Princeps Wallie" Prince of Wales. Exploiting the civil war in England and making and allying with de Montfort, Llewellyn' s armies overran the now undefended centre. But he then overreached himself, marrying de Montfort' s daughter, an offence Edward was unlikely to forgive or to forget. Years later, Llewellyn handed Edward the perfect pretext for retribution. He failed to show up at Edward' s coronation and ignored a total of five summonses to pay homage to his new King. | |
| dāng dì wēi ěr shì rén jiān chí shǐ yòng zì jǐ de yǔ yán, fēng sú, fǎ lǜ. suī rán yǒu zì jǐ de jūn wáng, què yào xiàng yīng gé lán guó wáng fǔ shǒu chēng chén. dào shí sān shì jì shí, wēi ěr shì bèi huà fēn wéi sān bù fèn, gé wēn nèi sī gōng guó, zhōng bù chōng tū dì qū, gé wēn nèi sī, yǐ jí yīng gé lán guì zú hé guó wáng jiàn jìn cán shí de dì qū. zhè zhǒng zhú jiàn tuī jìn de rù qīn chí xù dào 1258 nián, cǐ shí lú āi lín yǐ jī zǎn le zú gòu de shí lì, zì fēng wèi wēi ěr shì wáng zǐ, jiè yīng gé lán nèi zhàn zhī jī, yǐ jí yǔ dé méng dé fú tè de jié méng. lú āi lín de jūn duì zhàn lǐng le fáng shǒu bó ruò de zhōng bù dì qū, dàn suí hòu tā biàn dé yì wàng xíng, yíng qǔ le dé méng dé fú tè de nǚ ér, zhè yàng de mào fàn shì ài dé huá bù néng kuān shù hé wàng huái de. jǐ nián hòu, lú āi lín jiù gěi le ài dé huá, yí gè bào fù de jī huì. tā wèi chū xí ài dé huá de jiā miǎn lǐ, bìng qiě zǒng gòng wú shì le wǔ cì chuán huàn. jù bù jìn jiàn xīn guó wáng. |
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